Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Leadership in business management Research Paper

Initiative in business the board - Research Paper Example He resembles a skipper of the boat. The person welcomes all colleagues on a legitimate track of their goals. The productive pioneers are required in each association for achieving both little scope and enormous scope objectives. While depicting the significance of the administration, Marlene Caroselli, in her book, â€Å"Leadership Skills for Managers, says, â€Å"It is anything but difficult to bring in cash. Be that as it may, pioneers endeavor to have any kind of effect. They are eager to make penances and to motivate others to do the same.† [1] According to Peter Northouse, authority is â€Å"a procedure of whereby an impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a typical goal.†[2] Qualities of a perfect chief: There are five significant attributes or characteristics of a perfect head. Genuineness Visionary Competent Inspiring Intelligent The extraordinary political dissident of India and the dad of India Mahatma Gandhi was an ideal chief who had all the previously mentioned characteristics in him. So he has consistently been the wellspring of motivation for the Indians as well as from the individuals everywhere throughout the world. The uniqueness of his initiative lay in his extraordinary regulation of peacefulness which was later received by Martin Luther King and numerous different pioneers from everywhere throughout the world. Administration has the various styles like absolutist authority, law based initiative and free rein administration. Also, the prominence of the pioneers lies upon what technique he utilizes in various conditions. Napoleon was one of the most renowned pioneers on the planet. He was a man of incredible vision and he would win the fight based on this vision. Both Mahatma Gandhi and Napoleon comprehended the significance of winning individuals. Qualities of good and terrible administration The accomplishment of any foundation or any association relies on the authority of that establishment. Great initiative can shape th e future while awful administration can make catastrophe. Models are two inverse pioneers Mahatma Gandhi and Hitler. With an uncommon special and perfect authority Mahatma Gandhi won the war of opportunity. He battled the war with the irregular weapon of peacefulness thus his war is the main war which is known as a bloodless war. Then again Adolph Hitler’s administration absolutely tends towards autocracy, viciousness and carnage which drove the individuals of Germany into political agitation and weakening. The pioneer chooses the fate of his organization. Terrible Leadership : Major Attributes Bad authority is related with the inadequacy of the pioneer. While discussing the inadequacy of the initiative, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, in his discourse says, â€Å"Incompetent pioneers are not really bumbling in each perspective. Also, there are numerous methods of being awkward. A few chiefs need reasonable, scholarly, or enthusiastic intelligence.† Rigid authority likewise is a case of terrible administration. The inflexible pioneer isn't prepared to acknowledge the changes. The progressions are unavoidable and they should be acknowledged and in like manner the pioneers ought to adjust them. Versatility implies tolerating the progressions and modifies ourselves as per the changing method of conditions. However, in the event that the administration is inflexible and decline to acknowledge the changes, the association can't get by in the cutting edge world which will in general change reliably. Unnecessary initiative is additionally unsafe for the association. At the point when the pioneer totally misfortunes his control and is supported by his devotees then he is not any more equipped for driving the individuals. Barbara Kellerman in her book â€Å"Bad Leadership,†

Inside Subprime News

Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News Inside Subprime News

The Novel American Pastoral By Philip Roth - 1679 Words

A novelist incorporates three crucial elements when writing a novel. The first element is the ability for the author to draw from his or her own experiences. A novelist will paint an issue, usually political or social, on the canvas of the pages in the book. He or she draw from experiences, what they remember from the event taking place, locations, dates, and use a splash of fiction to blend the perfect color for the novel. The author will mainly stick to the color-coated facts to give the reader an authentic feel for the story, but gracefully integrates fiction to in essence portray the spin to the truth they desire. A novel is also driven by the desire to understand others, often in a sympathetic light. And last, but not least,†¦show more content†¦Roth uses Nathan to reincarnate the protagonist in the novel, Seymour â€Å"Swede† Levov, as Swede’s life is retold through the accounts of Zuckerman. The story of Swede’s life in the novel is translucent. It is only semi-clear in nature as the narrator gathers the preponderance of information second-hand through the tales from characters that knew Swede. Much of the minutiae of Swede’s life were a reconstruction of the character through the imagination of how it would have occurred in Zuckerman’s head. Nathan Zuckerman had an indescribable fascination for Swede from the very conception of the novel. He was his hero, idol, and a hometown legend. Nathan grew up in the Jewish community with Swede in Newark, New Jersey. Swede was someone to look up to for Nathan and many others. He was referred to as Swede because even though he was Jewish, he was graced with superior athletic ability and physical attributes, being tall, with blonde hair and blue eyes. â€Å"The Unjewish Jew.† He escaped the â€Å"bind† of the Jewish community with these attributes, and was admired by Nathan for it. Nathan had more exposure to his hero through befriending his brother, Jerry Levov. Jerry was radically different than the Swede as Nathan recounts. He had a fiery side, unlike his cool, calm, and collected brother. Nathan was one if not the only friend to Jerry in high school. â€Å"I would have not otherwise have played in Jerry Levov’s basement. If it weren’t for th e opportunity to tell

Reaction Paper On The Aids Epidemic - 918 Words

Module 2, Activity 1: Reaction Paper After reading the five given articles carefully there are critical points that I would like to articulate in my reaction paper. These articles provoked me to think that we are blessed to have health professional that were able to discover HIV/AIDS and the causes of Kaposi s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia of homosexual men in July 1981, following the report of these cases of PCP and cases of other rare life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers in America we began to recognize the importance of being aware of HIV/AIDS. These articles outlined major events in the AIDS epidemic. The thing that stood out to me is the information on Kaposi s sarcoma. This cancer was so rear that it may be missed and not diagnosed even by dermatologist during the 80’s (Altman). Not being able to diagnose this rare and rapidly fatal form of cancer was a concern of the physician’s right at the beginning (Altman). There are multiple forms of Kaposi s sarcoma from the classic Mediterranean Kaposi s Sarcoma, Endemic (African) Kaposi sarcoma (mentioned in the article), iatrogenic (transplant-related) Kaposi sarcoma and epidemic (AIDS-related) Kaposi sarcoma which is the most common type of KS in the United States (American Cancer Society). The virus can be present in the body for a long time, often many years, before causing major illness (American Cancer Society). When HIV damages the immune system, people who also are infected with aShow MoreRelatedThe Prevention Of Hiv / Aids Essay984 Words   |  4 Page sthat I would like to articulate in my reaction paper. These articles provoked me to think that we are blessed to have health professional that were able to discover HIV/AIDS and the causes of Kaposi s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia of homosexual men in July 1981, following the report of these cases of PCP and cases of other rare life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers in America we began to recognize the importance of being aware of HIV/AIDS (Altman). Maybe not need These articlesRead MoreThe Reagan Administration, The U.s. Government1498 Words   |  6 PagesThe Reagan administration, the U.S. government, and newspapers remained complete silence when the situation had already gone out of control. President Reagan and the government cut the research budget for AIDS when scientists and doctors desperately needed it. Before Reagan’s election to office, the Carter administration had held a tight line on health spending. However, President Reagan’s plan for the Centers for Disease Control worsened the situation. The executive Office of Management and BudgetRead MorePreventing AIDS1541 Words   |  7 PagesAIDS Essay Today many people around the world are infected with a serious disease called AIDS. Unfortunately, the disease has led to many deaths worldwide and yet it still remains untreatable. Many Public Health Departments are now taking the lead in publicizing education about AIDS. Public awareness and prevention programs are possible solutions to the spread of AIDS. The issue of this paper is on AIDS Prevention Programs that target women. One outlook is that prevention programs that target womenRead MoreEssay on Whole Foods Markets Tipping Point1223 Words   |  5 PagesIn his book, The Tipping Point: How little things can make a big difference (2000), Malcolm Gladwell highlights the power of intelligent action and the potential of little changes for starting epidemics. Concepts such as the law of few, the stickiness factor, and the power of context arouse epidemics both in macro-level and in micro-level. In detail, the law of few affirms the influence on communication. Connectors, mavens, and salesmen each has abilities to conjoin, collect, and cajole; they distributeRead MoreMovie Reaction Paper: And the Band Played On889 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Movie Reaction Paper: And the Band Played On This is not a political issue. This is a health issue. This is not a gay issue. This is a human issue. And I do not intend to be defeated by it. I came here today in the hope that my epitaph would not read that I died of red tape. This striking line said by a character in the movie And the Band Played On, which I later found out to be the actual words of Roger Gail Lyon in Congress1, depicts how a society so caught up with discrimination and stereotypesRead MoreVaccinations and Children1531 Words   |  7 Pagesmost serious adverse reactions, out of all that are in use. There is approximately 1,000 infants die each year as a direct result of the DTP vaccine. Approximately 35,000 acute neurological reactions occur within 48 hours of the shot. (www.tuberose.com). Doctors, FDA, and CDC are all telling us the vaccines are safe, but are they really. I visited a site called the Tragedy of Vaccinations and in this site it had pictures and a list of names of children who had a severe reaction to vaccinations, firstRead MoreHIV/AIDS Research Paper1253 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS Throughout history, few illnesses have carried as much significance as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome or AIDS. Similar human catastrophes have presented in our history such as, bubonic plague, leprosy and tuberculosis. All of these dreaded sicknesses have caused pain and suffering across cultures. Pain is associated with the physical distress of the patient, suffering is culturally distinctive, it describes the affliction of the human spirit and how community members cope with it.Read MoreRisk Communication and Risk Management1750 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Risk Communication Abstract In this paper, I have discussed risk communication and risk management. In the first part of the paper, I have identified and explained the risk communication management and its significance. Later, I have discussed the importance of risk communication for security managers in any organization. Risk communication can be simply described as an interactive process of exchange of information and opinion among individuals, groups, and institutions; often involves multipleRead MoreDoctor And Patient : Analysis Of The Care Of The Terminally Ill1615 Words   |  7 PagesDoctor and Patient: Analysis of the Care of the Terminally Ill in Mario Bellatà ­n’s Beauty Salon The protagonist of Mario Bellatà ­n’s Beauty Salon accommodates his guests in his former beauty salon in a way that elicits both positive and negative reactions. While the back cover of the book describes the protagonist’s actions as an â€Å"almost saintly dedication as his ‘guests’ continue to arrive and die,† others disagree about the selfless nature of his motives. Because of the strict set of rules and theRead MoreThe Nutritional Principles Of Nursing Course Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages Nutrition and HIV Tiffany Schenck Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on December 9, 2016, for Virginia Aulik’s Nutritional Principles of Nursing course. â€Æ' Nutrition and HIV It s been 30 years since the HIV/AIDS epidemic shook the world. What is the current status of the virus globally? Are you at risk? Is there a cure? HIV does not make someone dangerous to know. You can shake their hand and give them a hug without becoming infected. In America, 8% of

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Free Essays

In Ken Kesey’s novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, society consideres the patients as insane individuals with only the hopes of being treated. Dale Harding, one of the acutes, stated â€Å"Never before did I realiz that mental illness could have the aspect of power, power. Think of it: perhaps the more insane a man is, the more powerful he could become†, by this Harding realizes that mental illness has the power to bring fear, and the power to manipulate people. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to their mental illnesses, both characters, Chief Bromden and Billy Bibbit, appear to be weak and powerless. However both have the aspect of true power, and with that their potential for freedom is greater. Chief Bromden uses the power of silence to his advantage. Everyone on the ward thinks that he is deaf and dumb, however, their perception on the Cheif is wrong, because of what happenes in the novel’s end. Chief Bromden is a very large man who unfortunetly thinks of himself as being miniscule. His silece provides positive effects; he is able to hear everything that goes on in the meetings where the doctors and nurses discuss the future of the patients. The doctors and nurses don’t think that Chief Bromden can hear what they are saying, so therefor they don’t hesitate to say anything in front of him. â€Å"They don’t bother not talking out loud about their hate secrets when I’m nearby because they think I’m deaf and dumb†(10). This is very beneficial because Chief Bromden knows what takes place in the ward, and knows what it takes to survive. Although he appears powerless, he actually has a lot of power because of all the knowledge he’s gained through observation and listening in on conversations. Chief states that the world is like a great big machine, Combine, and everybody is just part of that machine. The parts that are broken are sent to this hospital to be â€Å"fixed† again – to be wired back into this machine. He doesn’t want to be part of it, and hides in the fog. He resists it and part of the resistance is pretending to be deaf and speechless. He describes the Big Nurse in machine, â€Å"she blows up bigger and bigger, big as a tractor, so big I can smell the machinery inside the way you smell a motor pulling too big a load†¦. her gestures are] precise, automatic [and] her face is smooth, calculated, and precision-made. † (p. 5). Eventually, Chief shows that he can speak and hear perfectly. He tries to protect McMurphy by explaining how the system works based on what he has observed. He tells McMurphy that the nurse will go to prevent McMurphy from gaining power. But, McMurphy is too confident. Chief tries to protect McMurphy again wh en he gets into a fight with the black boys. And he tries to protect McMurphy again when they go to the disturbed ward and are subjected to electroshock therapy; the only ways of keeping the asylum patients controlled. When McMurphy finally returns to the ward as a vegetable, Chief frees him from the physical pain of his body and sofocates him with a pillow. Because of McMurphy, Chief finally has the true power and courage to break free from the hospital through a window after breaking it the way McMurphy trained him to do so. Ironically, the Cheif’s insanity allowed him to attain a power beyond his limits; a power that gave him freedom and allowed him to escape the crazy world in the hospital. How to cite One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, Papers One flew over the cuckoos nest Free Essays One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, the director refers to the many struggles people individually face in life. Through the conflict between Nurse Ratchet and McCarthy, the movie explores the themes of individuality and rebellion against conformity. With these themes, Forman makes various points which help us understand which situations of repression can lead an individual to insanity. We will write a custom essay sample on One flew over the cuckoos nest or any similar topic only for you Order Now These points include: different situations patients overcome, human dignity, and the pressures we face from society to conform. Through these points, Forman encourages the viewer to consider that people react differently in the face of repression, and makes the viewer realize the value of alternative states of perception, rather than simply writing them off as â€Å"crazy. † Nurse Ratchet Is notorious for her desire to exercise complete control over the men who are under her Jurisdiction on the psych ward, both as patients and as employees. In doing so, Nurse Ratchet becomes a metaphor for the entire mental institution, the government, society at large or any and every powerful institution that exists to regulate, control, and categorize groups of people. The institutions of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest claim that they categorize the patients as insane in order to â€Å"treat† and â€Å"rehabilitate† them. But it quickly becomes clear in the novel that this rehabilitation is more controlling than it is helpful for any mental ailment: the shock treatment table, the red pills that cause memory loss, the daily meetings that pit men against each other, and the list on Nurse Ratchet’s desk to record and reward the men for betraying each other’s secrets are all ways to force people to obey, not to sake them well. There Is no recreation outdoors. There Is little exposure to the outside world. All stateless and therapy sessions are scheduled with precision, and to deviate from that schedule is to be a nuisance to Nurse Ratchet. This is exactly as Nurse Ratchet prefers it to be, because she can strip the humanity of her patients in order to be in complete control and run her ward like a machine. The hospital, Just like society, suppresses the individuality of the patients by gaining control of their lives and forcing them to conform. In the movie, the mental hospital is metaphor for the oppression Forman sees in modern society. Through Chief, we see how his way of interpreting the world emphasizes the oppressive social pressure to conform. He sees modern society as a machinelike, oppressive force and the hospital as a repair shop from the people who do not fit Into their role as cogs in the machine. Those who do not conform to society’s rules and conventions are considered defective products and are labeled mentally Ill and sent for treatment. In the movie, the hospital is portrayed as a dangerous place. The patients Charlie Seasick, Chief, gettable. He sees Nurse Ratchet as a â€Å"watchful robot, mechanically controlling the ward†. The hospital is not about healing, but about dehumidifying and manipulating the patients until they are weak and willing to conform. Another way in which this is done is through the nurses’ need to keep the patients medicated. McCarthy, the protagonist, battles against letting the oppressive society make him into a machinelike drone. He manages to maintain his individuality until his ultimate objective- bringing his individuality to others- is complete. However, when his oldness is provoked one too many times by Nurse Ratchet, he ends up being destroyed by modern society’s machines of oppression. Through the points Forman is making in the movie, we begin to see the different situations in which the patients struggle to overcome. Whether insane or not, the hospital is undeniably in control of the fates of its patients. Through the points Forman is making in the movie about the hospital’s ways of gaining control of the patients, we see how this parallels with the ways in which society gains control over individuals. Musher’s character is essential to the novel because he battles against the oppressive society, and holds characteristics that clash with ward- representing sexuality, freedom, and self-determination. Throughout the movie, the sane actions of men collides with the insane actions of the institution. Through Chief, the movie establishes that McCarthy is not, in fact, crazy, but rather that he is trying to manipulate the system to his advantage. Musher’s trajectory through the novel is the opposite of Chief’s: he starts out sane and powerful but ends up a helpless vegetable, having sacrificed himself for the benefit of all the patients. Even though Bromide’s comparisons of the hospital with machinery may seem â€Å"crazy† to readers at the beginning of the movie, they actually reveal his insight into the hospital’s large power over the patients. In Mills Formant’s One Flew over the Cuckoo’s NestÃ'› the movie explores the themes of individuality and rebellion against conformity. Forman makes various points which help us understand which situations of repression can lead an individual to insanity. These points again are these different situations patients overcome, human dignity, and the pressures we face from society to conform. The director notes that Nurse is eke a â€Å"motor pulling too big a load,† hinting at the fact that society cannot contain all of its hidden secrets. Any attempt would overload the system with the amount of people known as â€Å"unstable† and would cause this motor to explode under the pressure. But the point remains that modern society needs no such thing. Instead, individuality and diversity should be embraced, since globalization and the melting pots that cities have become threaten the variety of people that was once so common. People can only learn from diversity and allow the society prospers with fair opportunity for all. How to cite One flew over the cuckoos nest, Papers One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Free Essays Cellissa Hernandez Mr. Ansaldo CSU ERWC Period 2 30 November 2012 Wrongful Doing One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey is a book in which the patients of an insane asylum rebel and try to â€Å"break† their leader, Nurse Ratched. Nurse Ratched is basically the form of government in the institution and the patients do not like how she is controlling them so they find ways to make her crack. We will write a custom essay sample on One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kesey shows similarities between the Declaration of Independence and what is going on in the book, McMurphy and the other patients are trying to replace the authority in the ward just as the people have America have the right to do with the government. McMurphy tries to get Nurse Ratched to crack and show her weakness. He tries anything and everything to make her explode so people see she isn’t as strong as she looks. Big Nurse finds ways to gain control over the patients in the ward but doesn’t always succeed as Ken Kesey explains when he says, â€Å"The Big Nurse’s eyes swelled out white as he got close†¦This was supposed to establish her rule once and for all† (201). The Big Nurse â€Å"Nurse Ratched† isn’t able to control McMurphy which means she isn’t in complete control of all the men on the ward and this angers her. If she can’t control this one man she doesn’t have complete control which helps McMurphy and the other men get one step closer to replacing her. There are times when Nurse Ratched under estimates what she is dealing with, such as other colleagues being on the side of the men in the ward. Not all of the workers are afraid of Big Nurse nor do they obey her every command. The doctor for example, disregards what she says and does what he feels is necessary. When Nurse Ratched says they can’t go on the fishing trip, the doctor replies by saying, â€Å"Good deal of paperwork I can get done on the boat† (234). The doctor disregards the Nurse’s authority and doesn’t give her a chance to respond to what he had told her, therefore stripping away more of her power. The doctor not listening to the Nurse’s wishes makes her powerless and a powerless leader is not a leader at all. The Nurse now has to find other means of gaining control of the ward. When trying to gain control, Big Nurse is continually stopped by McMurphy so she begins to find ways around him in order to gain the control she desires. No matter how many tactics she tries it seems as though she will not succeed at gaining control. Nurse Ratched feels as though attending a meeting and voicing her opinion will give her an advantage, the situation is described as, â€Å"Big Nurse tried to make her play in the group meeting†¦ McMurphy was there at the meeting and he beat before she got good and started† (263). By not being able to give her input, Nurse Ratched slowly loses more power over the men on the ward. McMurphy is slowly but surely stripping the Nurse of the power she has over the ward. It seems as though McMurphy has succeeded in taking power away from Big Nurse but this might not be as true as it seems. The Nurse begins to gain back some of her control over the ward by defeating her only opponent, McMurphy. To defeat someone there isn’t always a call for hostility, at times it might help to â€Å"kill them with kindness† in other words, be nice to them until they crack. Kesey shows an example of this when he writes, â€Å"The Big Nurse talks to McMurphy soft and patient about the irresponsible thing he did†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (280). Nurse Ratched is trying to convince McMurphy that he has indeed done something bad. By making him look bad she gains more control over the ward especially over those who look up to him for â€Å"defeating† her. The people have the choice to replace there â€Å"government† or control system if it is not leading them the way they believe the leader should. In order to replace the leader there has to be enough people to help with getting rid of them and the person have to have done something that is completely wrong. They can try to replace the leader but might not always succeed. How to cite One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest, Papers

Terrorism And The International Court Of Justice Essays - Terrorism

Terrorism and the International Court of Justice Michelle Rose Gowka 04/26/01 PL SC 14H S. Bremer Terrorism and the International Court of Justice I.History of International Terrorism II.State Sponsored Terrorism A.Iran B.Sudan III.Benefits Derived From Terrorism A.Inexpensive and ability to advance ideologies B.Fear C.Publicity D.Minimal risk E.Lack of public defeat IV.Aspects of Terrorism A.Technological advances B.Weapons of mass destruction C.Cyber terrorism D.Suicide bombing V.Islamic Terrorist Organizations A.Islamic Jihad B.Al-Gama'a ai-Islamiyyah C.Hamas D.Hizballah E.Usamah Bin-Laden 1.Status of Bin-Laden 2.Applicability of International Law 3.International Court of Justice Ruling 4.Discussion of Ruling VI.United States' Terrorism Policy A.Make no deals B.Must be held accountable in a court of law C.Isolate and apply pressure to states that sponsor terrorism VII.Conclusion Terrorism, as defined by Title 22 of the United States code, section 2656f(d), is the "pre-meditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence and audience." Islamic terrorism is a serious problem for the United States because of the threat to national security, innocent civilians, and the foundations of democratic societies throughout the world (1997 Global Terrorism: NP). International terrorism has changed in structure and design over the centuries. Jewish zealots conducted campaigns against the Romans in the first century AD, and the Hashshashin, a Shi'ah Muslim group who gave us the word assassin, systematically murdered those in positions and leadership during the 19th century (CSIS, July 1999). The modern age of terrorism began in the 1960's. International terrorism in its current form began in 1968. As the 1970's passed by, the explosion of extremist groups and related incidents sparked a new awareness of the dangers of terrorism. In the 1980's, Canada was the victim of several terrorist attacks carried out by Armenian and Sikh extremists, including a bombing of an Air India flight originating in Toronto, which exploded off the coast of Ireland, killing 329 people (CSIS, July 1999). The 1995 Sarin gas attack by the Aum Shinrikyo Cult in a Tokyo subway marked a new threshold in international terrorism. For the first time, people began to realize that similar groups could use weapons of mass destruction or plan attacks to inflict maximum casualties. The long-term effects of exposure are yet to be determined, but preliminary tests of eighteen victims conducted in January 1998 showed that their sense of balance was affected by the nerve gas (ACOEM, January 1998). Most of the Islamic world view the West, especially the United States, as the foremost corrupting influence on the Islamic world today. The Hizballah, an Iranian terrorist group, have labeled the United States as "the Great Satan" (Sinha. "Pakistan-The Chief Patron-Promoter of Islamic Militancy and Terrorism": NP). This growing animosity that Islamic nations feel toward the Western world has been continually demonstrated by the increase in international terrorism. However, Muslims view their actions as acts of self-defense and religious duty and not as terrorism. The Islamic radical movements main success has been their ability to gain legitimacy from the general public (Paz 1998: NP). During the past two decades, they have had enormous success with their ability to present themselves to the Arab and Muslim world as the true bearers of Islam. They appeal to the lower class due to the shared resentment of wealthy westerners while the middle class and intellectuals are drawn toward th ese radical groups in order to expel imported ideologies and forms of government (State Department. "Anti-US Attacks" 1997: NP). Radical Islamic organizations have declared a holy war, Jihad, in order to bring the Arab world together and take their place as a world power. In order to accomplish these goals, Islamic radicals have mainly used terrorism as their main instrument of persuasion. The largest and most active terrorist organizations are those which are state funded. These organizations act as both an overt and covert way of spreading the sponsor countries ideologies. The U.S. Secretary of State has designated seven governments as state sponsors of terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria (State Department. "Over of State-Sponsored Terrrorism" 1997: NP). These governments support international terrorism either by engaging in terrorist activity themselves or by providing arms, training, safe haven, diplomatic facilities, financial backing, logistic and/or support to terrorists ("Over of State-Sponsored Terrorism" 1997: NP). Iran is one of the most active state sponsors of terrorism, involving themselves in the planning and execution of terrorist acts by its own agents and by surrogates such as the Hizballah.